ABSTRACT
Myiasis is an infestation of tissues and organs of humans and animals by Diptera larvae (flies, horseflies, mosquitoes). They are located at different body sites, and classified clinically as cutaneous, visceral and cavitary. We report a 26-year-old woman with a history of seborrheic dermatitis and recent trip to Brazil. She presented with a seven days history of suppurating wounds in the parieto-occipital area of the scalp. At physical examination we found three ulcers of approximately 1.5 cm each, with multiple mobile larvae inside. The obtained larvae were analyzed, identifying Cochliomyia hominivorax larvae at L2 and L3 stages. The patient was managed successfully with oral antimicrobials and local cleansing. The screwworm Cochliomyia hominivorax in our country is rare. Known risk factors are wounds, poor personal hygiene, extreme ages, psychiatric disorders, presence of specific dermatosis such as psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis, among others.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Female , Adult , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/complications , Diptera/growth & development , Larva/growth & development , Myiasis/complications , Myiasis/diagnosis , Travel , Ivermectin/therapeutic use , Diptera/classification , Larva/classification , Myiasis/drug therapy , Antiparasitic Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Efficient drugs against Chagas' disease must have an effect on the amastigote forms or intracellular reproduction elements of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). Trypomastigote and epimastigote forms derive from the former and their response to medications is less marked. The only drugs used in humans are nifurtimox (NF) and benznidazole (BNZ). Other useful medications are allopurinol and itraconazole. NF acts producing free radicals and BNZ inhibits the synthesis of macromolecules. There is consensus that Chagas' disease must be treated in all its periods, since T.cruzi DNA is detected by polymerase chain reaction in chronic cases, even when microscopy is negative. The pharmacological treatment modifies the natural evolution of the disease. It also helps to solve a public health problem, considering that there is a high number of subjects with Chagas' disease. Subjects with chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy with terminal heart failure are the only cases without indication for treatment. Due to the digestive and skin secondary effects of the drugs, treated patients must be controlled clinically and with complete blood counts and hepatic proiles before, during and after the therapy. Approximately 30 percent of patients will experience secondary effects. Children have a better tolerance to the drugs. Congenital or acquired acute, intermediate and chronic cases should be treated.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Chagas Disease/drug therapy , Trypanocidal Agents/therapeutic use , Chagas Disease/parasitology , Chronic Disease , Trypanocidal Agents/adverse effects , Trypanosoma cruziABSTRACT
As expert consensus has been arisen about universal antiparasitic treatment for all patients infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, most important drugs licensed for Chagas disease treatment are reviewed: nifurtimox and benznidazol, their mechanisms of action, doses, treatment schedules, adverse effects and contraindications. Two other drugs used for Chagas disease treatment, for which a Chilean experience may be exhibited, are allopurinol and itraconazole. Indications for treatment of Chagas disease in immunocompetent patients and inmunocompromised hosts are detailed. This chapter refers besides to the evaluation and monitoring of antiparasitic therapy in inmunocompromised patients, the availability of drugs and includes various forms facsímiles suggested to perform clinical and laboratory follow up of patients that undergo treatment, indicating the prescribed drug, adverse effects and time of follow up.
Con el consenso de expertos de que todo paciente infectado con Trypanosoma cruzi debiera recibir tratamiento anti-parasitario, se revisan los principales medicamentos aprobados para la enfermedad de Chagas: nifurtimox y benznidazol, sus mecanismos de acción, dosis, duración del tratamiento, efectos adversos y contraindicaciones. Se mencionan otros dos medicamentos utilizados en el tratamiento, en el que existe alguna experiencia nacional, como son allopurinol e itraconazol. Se revisan las indicaciones de tratamiento de la enfermedad de Chagas en personas inmuno-competentes y las indicaciones de tratamiento en hospederos inmunodeprimidos. Este capítulo finaliza abordando la evaluación y monitorización de la terapia antiparasitaria en inmunodeprimidos, la disponibilidad de medicamentos e incluye facsímiles de formularios sugeridos para realizar el seguimiento clínico y de laboratorio de los pacientes que son sometidos a tratamiento, indicando el fármaco utilizado, los efectos adversos y el tiempo de seguimiento.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Chagas Disease/drug therapy , Trypanocidal Agents/therapeutic use , Allopurinol/therapeutic use , Chagas Disease/classification , Follow-Up Studies , Immunocompromised Host , Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use , Nifurtimox/therapeutic use , Nitroimidazoles/therapeutic use , Trypanosoma cruzi/drug effectsABSTRACT
In this fifth part of Guidelines for Chagas disease, diagnostic techniques for Trypanosoma cruzi infection in humans are reviewed, the interpretation of laboratory results and an algorithm for laboratory diagnosis in immunocompetent hosts are presented. Chagas disease may be diagnosed by three kinds of techniques: direct, which allow detect the presence of the parasite in different kind of samples; indirect, based on the search of immune specific response against T. cruzi antigens and molecular, which detect parasite genetic material. Direct techniques are utilized mamly in acute phase of disease, as the parasite is present in blood of infected host. These techniques do not require be confirmed by other methods. For chronic undetermined phase and for symptomatic phase it is recommended to use indirect techniques; generally, immunoassay techniques (ELISA) that detect IgG antibodies directed against T. cruzi antigens are performed. As false positive results are possible, a positive or undetermined result must be confirmed by at least another technique (indirect immunofluorescence or indirect hemmaglutination). In Chile, confirmation of infection is performed by the Instituto de Salud Pública National Reference Laboratory or at surrogate centers. Molecular methods may be used to make the diagnosis in acute or chronic phase of infection, with more accuracy in the acute phase, and it is mainly recommended to diagnose vertical transmission of T. cruzi as early diagnosis of congenital infection increases the possibility to cure the sibling and besides it is a good marker to evalúate the effectiveness of treatment.
En esta quinta parte de las Guías Clínicas de enfermedad de Chagas, se revisa el diagnóstico de la infección por Trypanosona cruzi en humanos, la interpretación de los resultados y un algoritmo de diagnóstico de laboratorio en inmunocompetentes. La enfermedad de Chagas se puede diagnosticar por medio de tres tipos de técnicas: directas, que permiten evidenciar la presencia del parásito en diferentes tipos de muestras; indirectas, que corresponden a la búsqueda de anticuerpos específicos contra antígenos de T. cruzi y moleculares, basadas en la detección del material genético del parásito. Las técnicas directas se emplean, de preferencia, en la fase aguda de la enfermedad, donde es posible detectar al parásito circulando en el torrente sanguíneo de la persona infectada. Estas técnicas no requieren ser confirmadas por otros métodos. Para la fase crónica indeterminada y para la fase sintomática es recomendado el uso de las técnicas indirectas; generalmente se emplean técnicas de inmuno ensayo (ELISA) que detectan anticuerpos de tipo IgG contra antígenos de T. cruzi. Por la posibilidad de reacciones falsas positivas, la recomendación es que los resultados positivos o indeterminados sean confirmados con, a lo menos, otra técnica diferente (inmunofluorescencia indirecta o hemaglutinación indirecta). En Chile la confirmación es realizada por el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia del Instituto de Salud Pública y los centros autorizados por éste. Los métodos moleculares pueden ser empleados para el diagnóstico en fase aguda o crónica, teniendo mayor rendimiento en la primera, y su uso es recomendado principalmente como apoyo para la pesquisa de hijos de madres infectadas en la transmisión transplacentaria de la infección donde el diagnóstico precoz aumenta las posibilidades de cura del niño y es un buen marcador para evaluar el éxito del tratamiento.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Trypanosoma cruzi/immunology , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Chagas Disease/diagnosis , Antigens, Protozoan/immunology , Algorithms , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Chile , Chagas Disease/immunology , Chagas Disease/parasitology , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, IndirectABSTRACT
En los últimos veinticinco años han surgido una serie de fármacos antihelmínticos, pero muy pocos medicamentos antiprotozoarios intestinales del hombre. Dentro de los primeros tenemos a la ivermectina, droga de elección en strongiloidiasis, filariasis y en algunas infestaciones por artrópodos: pediculosis y sarna. Otro fármaco es la combinación de pirantel oxantel de gran rendimiento en tricocefaliasis y en terapias masivas o comunitarias que no tiene por objeto la cura parasitológica, sino una disminución de la carga parasitaria. Dentro de los medicamentos antiprotozoarios está la nitaxozanida, fármaco útil en la criptosporidiasis y la diarrea crónica por G.intestinalis. La FDA de USA considera a este medicamento como el de elección para estas dos parasitosis El secnidazol derivado nitroimidazólico, de administración única por un solo día y de vida media larga, es otro de los fármacos eficientes para la amebiasis y giardiasis intestinales. Las dicloroacetamidas: Teclozan, etofamida, clefamida y diloxanida son fármacos útiles en la amebiasis crónica y portadores, igual efecto tiene la quinfamida. En Tablas Terapéuticas se describen los principales medicamentos antihelmínticos y antiprotozoarios intestinales del hombre.
In the last twenty five years new antihelminthic drugs have been developed, but very few humans intestinal antiprotozoan medicaments. Between the firsts we have ivermectin the election drug in strongyloidiasis, filariasis and infestations by arthropods: pediculosis and scabies. Another drug is the combination of pyrantel-oxantel which has high compliance in trichuriasis and in mass or communities treatments which has'nt as target a parasitological cure but a diminishing of the parasitological burden. Nitazoxanide is ahuman antiprotozoan drug usefull in cryptosporidiasis and chronic diarrhea by Glardia intestinalis. FDA of USA consider this medicament of choice in this two parasitosis. Secnidazole a nitroimidazole deriva te with a large half-life, single administration for one day, is another efficient drug for intestinal amebiasis and giardiasis. The dichloroacetamides: teclozan, etofamide, clefamide and diloxanide are usefull drugs in chronic amebiasis and carriers, the same effect has quinfamide. In the Therapeutic Tables the main intestinal human antihelminthic and antiprotozoan drugs are described.
Subject(s)
Humans , Antiprotozoal Agents/therapeutic use , Anthelmintics/therapeutic use , Protozoan Infections/drug therapy , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/drug therapyABSTRACT
In this chapter it is emphasized the importance to guarantee safety and high quality blood transfusions. Besides, the following topics are analyzed: the importance of Trypcmosoma cruzi infection acquired by blood transfusions, the obligatory screening implemented in Chilean blood banks and serological diagnostic techniques used that for, the seroprevalence observed, the importance to confirm results and methods recommended in this purpose and, to notify the donor once the infection is confirmed. In addition a facsímil of a letter used to notify the positive donor is included as guidelines to make advice after, attaching a pro-forma of clinical-epidemiological registration to refer the donor to medical evaluation and treatment.
En este capítulo se establece la importancia de otorgar seguridad desde el punto de vista biológico y garantizar transfusiones de calidad y sin agentes infectantes detectables. Se analiza la importancia de la infección por Trypanosoma cruzi a través de transfusión sanguínea, el tamizaje obligatorio que se efectúa en Chile y las técnicas serológicas empleadas, la seroprevalencia encontrada en los bancos de sangre, la importancia de la confirmación y las técnicas empleadas y, la notificación al donante una vez confirmada la infección. Se acompaña de una carta tipo de notificación al donante positivo y una interesante guía para efectuar la consejería que debe seguir a la notificación, adjuntándose un formato de una ficha clínico-epidemiológica para su derivación a médico para estudio y tratamiento.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Blood Donors , Chagas Disease/diagnosis , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Mass Screening/methods , Trypanosoma cruzi/immunology , Chagas Disease/epidemiology , Chagas Disease/prevention & control , Chile/epidemiology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect , Prevalence , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
A summary of different kind of immune supressed hosts and the importance of Tryponosoma cruzi infection in this group of patients is presented. Then, most relevant aspects of immune compromised host-parasite interaction are analyzed such as the moment of acquiring the infection, immune compromise level, mechanisms of acquisition the infection and geographic region. Clinical features of primary infection and reactivation of infection in chronic Chagasic patients are described making especial emphasis in solid organ transplant and BMT. Chagas disease in AIDS patients is discussed including its treatment, follow up, monitoring the immune compromise level and prophylaxis.
Se revisa someramente los diferentes tipos de inmu-osupresión y la importancia de la infección por Trypa-nosoma cruzi en este tipo de pacientes. Se analizan los aspectos más relevantes de la relación hospedero inmunocomprometido-r. cruzi, tales como el momento de la infección, grado de inmunocompromiso, mecanismos de adquisición de la infección y área geográfica. Se presenta el cuadro clínico en el caso de primoinfección, como así también en la reactivación de la infección en pacientes chagásicos crónicos, haciéndose hincapié en el trasplante de órganos sólidos y precursores hematopoyéticos. Mención especial se hace de la enfermedad de Chagas en pacientes con SIDA, destacando el cuadro clínico y enfatizando en su tratamiento, seguimiento, monitorización del nivel de su compromiso inmunológico y profilaxis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Chagas Disease/immunology , Immunocompromised Host/immunology , Chronic Disease , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
La existencia natural de esta zoonosis vectorial y el desarrollo de iniciativas en la Región de las Americas desde 1991 para controlar la Enfermedad de Chagas, hicieron necesario la elaboración de este documento para actualizar los conocimientos sobre esta materia y de este modo presentar una guía para el equipo de salud en Chile, puesto que es un problema de Salud Pública que debe ser abordado de forma integral. Se presenta la definición de Enfermedad de Chagas y su clasificación de acuerdo a la clasificación internacional de enfermedades (CIÉ 10). Se comenta en forma concisa y breve su importancia general, la importancia como carga de enfermedad, se analiza la distribución del vector, la magnitud del problema en Chile, su reservorio, las características del parásito y, sus mecanismos de transmisión. Se establece la definición de caso sospechoso agudo y confirmado para Chile, la situación epidemiológica en el país y un breve análisis costo beneficio del problema.
The natural existence of this vectorial zoonosis and the development since 1991 of initiatives in the American Region in order to control Chagas Disease, did necessary to prepare this document to update the knowledge about the disease and to exhibit guidelines for healthcare workers in Chile, as Chagas disease is a public health problem that needs to be attended in an integral way. A definition for Chagas disease and its classification according to the international classification of diseases (ICD 10) are presented. The general importance and disease load are concise and briefly commented, while the vector geographic distribution, the magnitude in Chile, its reservoir, the parasite main characteristics and its transmission mechanisms are reviewed. A definition for acute suspected and confirmed cases is given, and the epidemiological situation in Chile and a brief cost-benefit analysis of Chagas disease are presented.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Chagas Disease/immunology , Immunocompromised Host/immunology , Chronic Disease , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
Se describen las distintas etapas de la enfermedad en el adulto: aguda, indeterminada o latente y crónica. Se menciona cómo se realiza el diagnóstico etiológico y la indicación de tratamiento. En la etapa crónica, cuando existe compromiso cardíaco así como también digestivo (esófago o colon), se mencionan los síntomas y signos, la evolución, los exámenes de apoyo diagnóstico y el tratamiento. Se analiza la enfermedad de Chagas congénita desde su prevalencia en la embarazada, la etapa de la enfermedad en la madre, las repercusiones de la transmisión del parásito sobre el producto de la concepción, la frecuencia de la transmisión, cómo se produce la infección del feto, la situación en embarazos sucesivos, hasta las consecuencias sobre el recién nacido, incluyendo la sintomatología cuando éste nace enfermo. Se comenta la concomitancia con la infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. Las formas de presentación no vertical en la infancia y adolescencia no difieren de la enfermedad de Chagas en el adulto. Se menciona el diagnóstico directo e indirecto de la infección y se presenta un algoritmo del diagnóstico y seguimiento de la infección vertical por Tripanosoma cruzi.
The different stages of Chagas disease in adults: acute, undetermined or latent and chronic phases are described. This document contains guidelines for etiological diagnosis of Chagas disease and its treatment. In chronic phase, as cardiac and digestive system (esophagus and colon) are affected, symptoms and signs, evolution of the disease, laboratory analysis and treatment are described. The following topics in congenital Chagas disease are boarded: its prevalence in pregnant women, the importance of mother phase of disease, repercussions of the parasite transmission to the fetus, the frequency of transmission, how the infection to the fetus is produced, the importance of chronic infection in consecutive pregnancies, and clinical consequences to the newborn infant including symptoms of congenital disease. Concomitance with human immunodeficiency virus is commented. No vertically transmitted Chagas disease in infancy and adolescents has similar clinical manifestations as in adults. Direct and indirect laboratory tests of infection are described and an algorithm for diagnosis and follow up of vertical transmission of Trypccnosoma cruzi is presented.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child , Adult , Chagas Disease/classification , Chagas Disease/congenital , Chagas Disease/diagnosis , Chagas Disease/transmission , Algorithms , Acute Disease , Chronic Disease , Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/classification , Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/diagnosis , Disease ProgressionABSTRACT
Background: International studies show a low compliance with norms for the management of cardiovascular risk factors. Aim: To assess the prevalence of risk factors in patients admitted for a coronary or vascular event and to evaluate the proportion of patients that normalize these factors after one year of follow up. Material and Methods: Three hundred and fifty seven patients aged 64±13 years (264 males), admitted to a University Clinical Hospital for a coronary or vascular event were studied. They were educated about cardiovascular risk factors and followed by their treating physicians for a mean of 11.9±2 months. During this period, smoking habits, body mass index. blood pressure, serum lipid levels, blood glucose and the appearance of new cardiovascular events were registered. Results: One year survival was 96% (all 13 deaths were of cardiac origin). Eighty seven percent of patients were free of major cardiovascular events. At discharge from hospital and at the end of follow up 49% and 44% had a total cholesterol over 200 mg/dl respectively, 9,6% and 20,8% had systolic pressure over 140 mmHg. There was no diastolic hypertension in these patients, 27% and 31% had a body mass index over 25 kg/m2 and 2% smoked (versus 32% before the event). Conclusions: After one year of follow up, the prevalence of risk factors in patients that had suffered a cardiovascular event, continues to be high.